由于熱變形形成纖維組織，會使金屬的力學性能出現(xiàn)異向性，即縱向力學性能指標中的A，Z，Ak比橫向相應的指標大得多，兩個方向上的強度Rm。Re差別不大。

Due to the formation of fibrous microstructure by thermal deformation, the mechanical properties of metals will be different. That is, A, Z and Ak in longitudinal mechanical properties are much larger than those itransverse direction, and the strength in two directi is Rm. Re is not very different.

鍛造是指把加熱后的金屬材料鍛制成各種形狀的工具、機械零件或毛坯。鍛造過程中要對這些滾燙的金屬坯料進行各種加工，因此加工過程中高溫、、振動和噪聲是避免不了的。所以鍛造過程安全防護很重要。

Forging is a tool, mechanical part, or blank that is forged from a heated metal material to a variety of shapes. In the process of forging, these hot metal billets should be processed, so high temperature, dust, vibration and noise can not be avoided during the process. Therefore, the safety protection of the forging process is very important.

鐓粗主要有以下形式：

完全鐓粗。完全鐓粗是將坯料豎直放在砧面上， 在上砧的錘擊下， 使坯料產生高度減小，橫截面積增大的塑性變形。

Upsetting mainly includes the following forms:

Full upsetting. Complete upsetting is to place the blank vertically on the anvil surface, hammering on the anvil, so that the height of the blank decreases, the cross-sectional area increases plastic deformation.