由于熱變形形成纖維組織，會(huì)使金屬的力學(xué)性能出現(xiàn)異向性，即縱向力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)中的A，Z，Ak比橫向相應(yīng)的指標(biāo)大得多，兩個(gè)方向上的強(qiáng)度Rm。Re差別不大。

Due to the formation of fibrous microstructure by thermal deformation, the mechanical properties of metals will be different. That is, A, Z and Ak in longitudinal mechanical properties are much larger than those itransverse direction, and the strength in two directi is Rm. Re is not very different.

鍛造生產(chǎn)加熱設(shè)備和鍛壓設(shè)備不可少，這些設(shè)備釋放大量熱能，需要我們?cè)谕L(fēng)凈化環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。鍛造工具種類(lèi)繁多，也是密集型作業(yè)，要求每個(gè)技術(shù)人員都不能馬虎，堅(jiān)守自己的崗位，嘈雜的環(huán)境需要冷靜的技師，不能隨意操作。

Forged production of heating equipment and forging equipment can not be less, these release a large amount of heat energy, we need to carry out in the ventilation and purification environment. There are various kinds of forging tools, which are also intensive operati. Every technician is not allowed to be careless and stick to their. The noisy environment needs a cool technician and can not be arbitrarily operated.

在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，機(jī)器自由鍛已成為鍛造生產(chǎn)的主要方法，在重型機(jī)械制造中，它具有特別重要的作用。而產(chǎn)生的鍛件形狀和尺寸主要由操作工的技術(shù)水平?jīng)Q定。

In modern industrial production, machine free forging has become the main method of forging production, and it plays a particularly important in heavy machinery manufacturing. The shape and size of the forgings are mainly determined by the technical level of the operator.

鐓粗主要有以下形式：

完全鐓粗。完全鐓粗是將坯料豎直放在砧面上， 在上砧的錘擊下， 使坯料產(chǎn)生高度減小，橫截面積增大的塑性變形。

Upsetting mainly includes the following forms:

Full upsetting. Complete upsetting is to place the blank vertically on the anvil surface, hammering on the anvil, so that the height of the blank decreases, the cross-sectional area increases plastic deformation.